Vaughn Williams
In The Fen CountryBournemouth Symphony Orchestra
Conducted by Paul Daniel
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In the Fen Country:
Landscape and Music in the Work of Gustav Holst and Ralph Vaughan WilliamsBy: Thomas F. Bertonneau
Sensitivity to the landscape has always been associated with religious sensibility. In the decorative murals with which the wealthy classes of Rome during the Imperial centuries adorned their domestic lives, the idyllic scene, with its groves and grazing sheep, invariably contains a rustic temple. In Hellenistic poetry, too, the writer – it might be Theocritus or at a later date Ovid – in describing the sylvan setting of Sicily or Arcadia emphasizes the presence everywhere of the nature-spirits. Ovid’s Metamorphoses seem in part to be an explanation of why everywhere in the ancient world one encountered innumerable altars and shrines. To the pagan mentality, everything, every tree and stream and mountain, was sacred, a home to spirits and demigods. So too in romantic painting and verse, the artist’s response to the natural scene is essentially religious and pantheistic. Thus in William Wordsworth’s famous sonnet “The world is too much with us” (1802), the calamity of the emergent industrial and commercial order manifests itself most poignantly in the terrible loneliness of being cut off from participation in the sacredness of the elements –
The world is too much with us; late and soon,
Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers;
Little we see in Nature that is ours;
We have given our hearts away, a sordid boon!
The lyric subject of the poem, concluding that the modern dispensation has left men “for everything… out of tune,” wishes that he were (although he is not) “a Pagan suckled in a creed outworn,” that is, someone who might “have glimpses that would make me less forlorn” of “Proteus rising from the sea.” That men should have become acutely aware of nature in the early nineteenth century is hardly surprising. The social and economic developments of the period, the hypertrophy of cities and the dissolution of ancient arrangements in the countryside, wrought changes in the very appearance of the rural landscape. A generation later than Wordsworth, in the “Wessex” stories and novels of Thomas Hardy, the situation has grown even more acute. In the short story “The Fiddler of the Reels,” the great fact of existence is the Crystal Palace, in the year of whose construction much of the action takes place. The countryside is emptying into the great cities; railroads have appeared in the provinces, and the landscape itself is being altered by the expansion of a new order.
Art is frequently a response to loss and the resultant absence, as generically in lyric poetry. The elegiac impulse finds one of its most profound expressions in the response to landscape – often to vanishing landscape – in the work of what is sometimes called the English Pastoral School of musical composition, the heyday of which was the early twentieth century. The two instigators of English musical idyllicism, Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872 – 1958) and Gustav Holst (1874 – 1934), had been fellow students at the Royal College of Music, London, in the 1890s, where both studied composition with Charles Villiers Stanford. Both men experienced the powerful intuition that Stanford, notwithstanding his technical mastery, spoke in a musical language insufficiently native, and, in a paradoxical way, insufficiently au courant. Stanford took his models in mid-nineteenth century German music – in Mendelssohn, Schumann, and Brahms – and except for an occasional Irish inflection, his music sounded a good deal like theirs. But what musical language would be au courant? Holst, who came from a long line of church organists and musicians, suggested to Vaughan Williams that they investigate the music of the rural parishes and from that milieu their curiosity took them quite naturally into folksong. As did Bela Bartók in Hungary and Romania around the same time, Vaughan Williams and Holst began to tramp the countryside in Somerset, Hampshire, Essex, East Anglia, and Norfolk, notebooks at ready, to collect and annotate the archaic song-tradition that they well knew was on the verge of extinction. These were the years from 1902 to 1905. In addition to their project of preserving the treasury of the traditional ballads, love songs, and lullabies, both men had the notion that English folksong could become the basis of a novel and truly English concert music. That music would be new because its basis would be more ancient than that of the Germanic conservatory-vocabulary employed by Stanford and his peers.
There was one additional consideration – or rather a conclusion that both Vaughan Williams and Holst drew independently and that struck them as exploitable. The modes and melodic outlines of English folksong reflected the regional landscape; the tunes especially grew from the topography. As in Wordsworth’s lyrical ballad “The Solitary Reaper,” where the singing field-girl’s half-heard song seems to the reporter to express the “natural sorrow, loss, or pain,” that belongs to traditional life, in contact with the earth and season and sky: so too for the fellow folksong collectors, the tunes that they took down from those who sang them seemed saturated with an ethos – a character of place that imprinted itself on its denizens and that they bespoke in song. As Vaughan Williams wrote many years later in his study of National Music (1934), folksong is the expression of “the absolutely unsophisticated though naturally musical man… one who is untraveled and therefore self-dependent for his inspiration [and] whose artistic utterance will be entirely spontaneous and unself-conscious.” Or as Hubert Foss writes of Vaughan Williams himself in his study of the composer, he “grows from the earth”; according to Foss, Vaughan Williams “likes that which grows naturally” and “his roots are in the past.” Of Holst, Wilfrid Mellers writes in Romanticism and the Twentieth Century (1962), that folksong studies taught him how to compose “in lines that are vocally modal [and] free in rhythm,” so that even his purely instrumental inspirations resemble “folk-song or plainsong” in their melodic outlines.
Folksong early began to inform and vitalize Vaughan Williams’ music, which it does already in the “symphonic impression,” so described, for orchestra entitled
In the Fen Country, composed in 1904 and given its first performance under Thomas Beecham in 1907. In the Fen Country, in many ways RVW’s first characteristic work, purports to represent its composer’s complex aesthetic, emotional, and spiritual response to the extensive southeastern marshlands of England – that half-aqueous world, with its dykes and canals, and its university and cathedral towns of Cambridge and Ely. As Foss puts it in his study, in the Fen Country “gives… a picture of the countryside where Vaughan Williams found folk-song,” adding that, “those frigid, frosty mornings that make the journey from Cambridge to Ely so soul-searching a trek are portrayed here.” Yet In the Fen Country quotes no folk melody. Rather, Vaughan Williams lets the pattern of folk melody animate his rhythmically free, generally slow, and modally minor instrumental lines. The work, lasting around a quarter of an hour in performance, opens with a long improvisatory sounding solo on the cor anglais, joined gradually in a freely evolving polyphony by other solo instruments. Although the motifs are songlike, the effect on the listener is rather of something non-human – “the place in itself,” perhaps. After a number of episodes, some quite portentous and brassy, In the Fen Country ends on a drawn-out viola solo that fades into silence.
Holst composed his
Somerset Rhapsody, Op. 21, in 1906. Unlike Vaughan Williams’ In the Fen Country, Holst’s Somerset Rhapsody incorporates actual folksongs, including a traditional
sheep shearing song, whose real topic despite its title is the custom of countryside courtship, and a march, “
High Germany.” The sheep shearing song keeps in the minor-key and suggests the melancholy of the lovelorn; the march is in the major-key, outgoing, rhythmically incisive, and bold. Holst exploits the contrast and drives the work to its big moment with a brassy treatment of the march, in augmentation. A Somerset Rhapsody conjures a more human atmosphere than does In the Fen Country although in its quieter concluding passages after the climax on “High Germany,” Holst’s score strongly resembles Vaughan Williams’ score. Vaughan Williams composed
his own version of the sheep shearing song, for female voices and chamber-orchestral accompaniment, assigning it to his suite Folksongs of the Four Seasons (1950). The tune “High Germany” makes an appearance in Vaughan Williams’
English Folk Song Suite, for wind band (1923).
Concerning landscape – and its aesthetic and metaphysical meanings – the philosopher Roger Scruton has written in his study of Beauty (2009) that, “Landscapes… are very far from works of art – they owe their appeal not to symmetry, unity and form, but to an openness, grandeur and world-like expansiveness, in which it is we and not they that are contained.” In confronting the landscape then the percipient subject experiences something like a cosmic moment, understanding his own mortal limitations against the enduring earthly and vegetative environment that afford him a home and yet, being non-sentient, remains alien or at least indifferent to him. Yet vegetative though it might be, the landscape can stand as metaphor for something else sublime and, with respect to man, entirely prior and creative – namely the divine. In this respect it is interest to reflect that neither Vaughan Williams nor Holst was conventionally religious. Vaughan Williams professed agnosticism but also took religious experience seriously; Holst inclined to thoroughgoing ecumenicism, showing an interest in mystic Christianity, Hinduism, and the whole range of esoteric traditions.
In the years 1906 – 07, Vaughan Williams composed his Three Norfolk Rhapsodies, fragments of a projected but unachieved “Norfolk Symphony.” The Third Rhapsody is lost; the
Second was never played in its composer’s lifetime, while the
First established itself among RVW’s early work. In these works, following Holst’s manner in A Somerset Rhapsody, Vaughan Williams used actual folk melodies. In the Norfolk Rhapsody No. 1, for example, we hear “
The Captain's Apprentice,” “
A Bold Young Sailor Courted Me,” and “
On Board a 98.” In the Norfolk Rhapsody No. 2, we hear, among others, the hymn-like “
King’s Lynn,” sometimes sung as a chapel song. As was the case with In the Fen Country, the two Norfolk Rhapsodies, in exploiting the modally flavored folksongs, require a largely minor-key harmonics, saturating the musical structure in a mood of nostalgia. Knowing that John Constable (1776 – 1837) and Albert Goodwin (1845 – 1932) painted the regions from which RVW collected his tunes adds to the listener’s appreciation of the spirit that the composer evokes through his purely musical structures. Foss describes the First Rhapsody, the only one known when he wrote his study, as “a deeply considered work… a moving piece of music that never rises above piano, and closes in the sea of mist of [its] beginning.”
Vaughan Williams wrote his best-known score,
A Lark Ascending, in 1914, when he scored it for violin and piano; later in 1920 he arranged the piano part for small ensemble, giving the score its familiar form, as a “Romance for Violin and Orchestra.” Taking its inspiration from a poem of the same name by George Meredith (1828 – 1909), A Lark Ascending has acquired something like iconic status in English music, as the prime representative piece of the national-pastoral school, such that many people who know little else from that repertory know this gentle composition. Foss remarks that the two main melodies of the score “are coloured by English folk-song.” The solo violin part is nearly pictorial in its depiction of the avian ascent, its long cadenza-like passages being interrupted by episodes in dance rhythm. If the rustic piping heard halfway through the score were close in its archaism to Pre-Raphaelite preciosity, this would perhaps be the result of the listener having heard the work too often. The “sheer beauty” of A Lark, to borrow a phrase from Foss, should be reserved for special occasions. Overplaying the composition threatens to deaden us to its delicate gestures and ecstatic sweetness.
Holst’s
Egdon Heath and Vaughan Williams’ Flos Campi date from the mid-1920s. Holst’s inspiration came from a Hardy novel, The Return of the Native (1878), one of the author’s “Wessex Tales,” in which the eponymous geographical tract rises to the level of a character in the drama. Hardy describes Egdon Heath in something like antediluvian terms, as swarthy, forbidding, and almost actively inimical to the human beings who must cross it going from one habitable place to another. In Holst’s tone-poem (1927), one of his masterpieces, the composer eschews any quotation of traditional melody and confines himself to pure tone-painting, evoking in sound the emotions that Hardy’s verbal description produces in its reader. This means that in mood Egdon Heath stands light-years distant from A Somerset Rhapsody. A slow, stalking figure in the double basses establishes the atmosphere; a quiet horn call, as from far away, and spare counterpoint in the flutes and oboes, followed by a fugitive rustling in the violins and violas, make for an impression of ghostly, nocturnal activity. Halfway through the score, there is something like a funeral cortege, colored by the trombones and tuba in their lowest registers. That these sounds tell of a tragic vision, the score’s association with Hardy’s grim narrative guarantees even though listeners can assign no specific concepts to the various stark motifs.
Flos Campi – Suite for Viola, Chorus, and Orchestra (1925), which like Egdon Heath quotes no actual folk songs, is not topically connected with the English countryside although its Latin title means “Flower of the Field.” The suite’s ostensible subject, the Biblical Song of Songs, celebrates that psychological point where erotic passion for the beloved passes over into mystic contemplation of absolute beauty. Nevertheless, Flos Campi will strike the reader as the consummation of that trend in RVW’s creativity, which begins with In the Fen Country; the music seems to spring from the identical, and quite English, landscape, the Biblical allusion notwithstanding. Professor Mellers in his book on RVW The Vision of Albion (1989) places Flos Campi in company with a group of large-scale choral and vocal works that its author composed around the same time – including his setting of The Magnificat (1932). Mellers identifies the solo viola with “the voice of Pan, or Nature, or of human lover and beloved, or he might be… all of these simultaneously.” Mellers also identifies the oboe, almost as important as the viola in its part, as specifically in context “a pastoral instrument.” In the last of the work’s six movements, according to Mellers, “Man and Nature… attain at-one-ment,” if only temporarily. Foss too lavishes praise on Flos Campi, calling it “one of [RVW’s] most original, and most important, expressions,” and praising its “lone philosophic attitude of thought.” The device of a wordless chorus has rarely been employed so convincingly, not even by Maurice Ravel in his Daphnis and Chloe ballet.
Vaughan Williams wrote
Five Variants in Dives and Lazarus for string orchestra and harp in 1939, to be played at the World Fair in New York City. In this score the composer once again draws on an actual folk tune, “
Dives and Lazarus.” As in the case of Flos Campi, although RVW does not proffer the score as a musical landscape that is nevertheless its feeling.
In the last year of his life Holst produced a small but potent work that belongs to the “landscape” genre – his
Lyric Movement for Viola and Chamber Orchestra (1934), a work smaller in scale yet close in mood and intention to Flos Campi. To his soloist, Holst gives the same type of improvisatory and continuously developing line as RVW his in Flos Campi, and the same yearning for fusion with the object of contemplation flavors both scores. Mellers in Romanticism and the Twentieth Century writes of its “tenderness in the sonorous spacing of the harmony.” One might justly attribute to the Lyric Movement what Mellers attributes to Egdon Heath – that in it the personality of the composer is “purged away in the bare organum-like harmony and transparent scoring.” Was this brief sketch supposed to be the slow middle movement of a three-part concerted work? Nevertheless, it achieves stand-alone perfection. Holst died before his sixtieth birthday. In listening to the Lyric Movement, one can only regret that a composer capable of such concentrated expression did not live to explore the remarkable new avenues of musical exploration that he was, in that moment, opening up.
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Posted By: Kidist P. Asrat
